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Exodus includes some of the Old Testament’s most dramatic scenes, as well as themes that are foundational to the rest of the Bible. God delivers, provides for, and forms a people for himself, patiently teaching them to trust him. This commentary helps the reader understand and apply this wonderful and ever-relevant book on a deeper level.

20:13 / The sixth commandment is, “You shall not murder” (see also Deut. 5:17). The verb translated “murder” (ratsakh) is sometimes rendered “kill” (e.g., RSV, although the generic Heb. word for “kill” is harag). Scholars have made various arguments for both translations of ratsakh, but English does not have one word that clearly suffices. (“To murder “is too specific and “to kill” is too general.) The word refers to killing without proper
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